Tài liệu luyện thi TOEIC

Mọi ý kiến đóng góp xin gửi vào hòm thư: [email protected]

Tổng hợp các đề cương đại học hiện có của Đại Học Hàng Hải: Đề Cương VIMARU 

Kéo xuống để Tải ngay đề cương bản PDF đầy đủ: Sau “mục lục” và “bản xem trước”

(Nếu là đề cương nhiều công thức nên mọi người nên tải về để xem tránh mất công thức)

Đề cương liên quan:Làm sao nghe được tiếng anh

---

Tải ngay đề cương bản PDF tại đây: Tài liệu luyện thi TOEIC

Tài liệu luyện thi TOEIC

NOUN  1  Countable Noun                 ><       Uncountable Noun

Singular                     Plural                                     without a/an/ -s

a /an/the

Regular     Irregular

Noun –s/ es

Note 1

 

a means/series/species – means ..

a child – children

a foot   – feet

a tooth – teeth

a louse – lice

a person – people

a goose – geese

a mouse – mice

a man – men

a woman – women

on ox – oxen

a fish –  fish

a carp – carp

a cod – cod

a salmon – salmon

a deer – deer

a sheep – sheep

a crisis – crises

a thesis – theses

a diagnosis – diagnoses

a hypothesis – hypotheses

a parenthesis – parentheses

an axis – axes

an oasis – oases

a phenomenon –  phenomena

a criterion – criteria

a memorandum – memoranda

a curriculum – curricula

a bacterium – bacteria

a syllabus – syllabi

a cactus – cacti

a fungus – fungi

a stimulus – stimuli

a radius – radii

an appendix – appendices

an index – indices

Note 2: Twelve nouns ending in f or fe drop the f or fe and ad ves

a calf – calves

a half – halves

a knife – knives

a leaf – leaves

a life – lives

a loaf – loaves

-self – -selves

a sheaf – sheaves

a shelf – shelves

a thief – thieves

a wife – wives

a wolf –wolves

But:

a hoof – hooves/hoofs                a roof – roofs                                   a cliff – cliffs

a safe – safes                             a handkerchief – handkerchiefs      a belief- beliefs

 

NOUN           2:        Compound Nouns

1. Normally the last word is made plural

boyfriends

travel agents

shop windows

hitch-hikers

traffic wardens

river banks

city streets

corner shops

street markets

spring flowers

November fogs

church bells

college libraries

driving licenses

 

1. But when man and woman is prefixed both parts are made plural

men drivers

women drivers

3. The first word is made plural with compounds formed of verb + er or compounds composed of noun + preposition + noun

lookers-on                runners-up                           sisters-in-law

 

NOUN           3:  Quantifiers

1. Many/several/various/numerous/diverse ><        Much
2. A number of/numbers of ><        An amount of/amounts of
3. (A) few            ><        (A) little
4. Fewer/ the fewest ><        Less/ the least

 

NOUN           4:  Numbers

1. a /two/three… hundred/thousand/million/billion/trillion + Noun
2. hundreds/thousands/millions/billions + OF + Noun
3. Compound adjectives

A three-year-old boy

A 16,000-page book

4.         one/two/three percent (no –s) of Noun ; but a/the percentage of Noun

 

VERB

(1) Subject _ Verb Agreement

(2) Tenses

(3) Active                      ><                             Passive

Transitive V + Obj                             V + No Object /Prepositional phrase (by, in, with…)

(4) Form

1. After modal verb + Bare inf (can, could, may, might, shall, should, must, will, would, would rather, had better, have to, ought to, be to, be supposed to)

V- ing ( active/ continuous tenses)

1. After ‘be’
2.     P (passive)
3. After ‘have’ + P. P (perfect tenses)
4. Gerund >< Infinitive
5. Finite Verb >< Participle ( Present Participle >< Past participle)

 

PARALLEL STRUCTURE

1. ,
2. and
3. but
4. or
5. either …or
6. neither… nor
7. not only… but also
8. both … and
9. rather than
10. whether … or
11. as well as

PRONOUN

1. Pronoun/Noun Agreement they >< it/he/she/we

their >< its/his/her/our

them>< it/him/her/us

themselves><itself/himself/herself/ourselves

who/whom>< which

that (of )    >< those (of) (plural)

2. Which type?
   1. Subjective Pronouns (I/You/He/She/It/ We/You/They)
      • Subject of a Verb
      • After ‘Be’
   2. Objective Pronouns (me/you/him/her/it/us/you/them)
      • Object of a Verb
      • Object of a Preposition
   3. Possessive Adjectives (my/your/his/her/its/our/your/their)
      • Before a Noun
      • Before a Gerund: We are surprised by their nesting in such harsh conditions
   4. Possessive Pronouns (mine/yours/his/hers/ours/yours/theirs)
   5. Reflexive Pro (myself/yourself/himself/herself/itself/ourselves/yourselves/themselves)
3. Wrong spelling ( hisself/ theirselves/ ourself/ themself)
4. The >< Possessive Adjective

Ex: His snake is a reptile.

He devoted the life to science.

5. Double subject/object

Ex: Black Island in Long Island Sound it is surrounded by cold, dangerous waters.

6. Unnecessary relative pronoun >< Necessary relative pronoun

Ex: Certain types of turtles that may live as long as 100 years.

The woman lives next door is too nosy.

WORD FORM

1. Adjectives
   1. Before nouns

Ex:  an important meeting

1. After ‘be’ and other linking verbs
   • be/become
   • look/seem/appear/sound
   • taste/feel/smell
   • stay/remain ( = continue to be)
   • turn/get/grow/go (= become)
   • prove/find

Ex:  She looks angry.

1. Some adjectives end in –ly: friendly/costly/cowardly/lovely/lively/ lonely/likely/ugly/early/monthly/weekly/daily/hourly/nightly/yearly/quarterly/timely/scholarly/womanly/manly/motherly/fatherly/ kindly

2. Adverbs
   1. Modify verbs: Ex: Ann eagerly accepted the challenge.
   2. Modify adjectives Ex: Ted seemed extremely curious about that topic.
   3. Modify participles Ex: A rapidly changing situation / A brightly colored
   4. Modify prepositions/ clause markers: soon after / immediately after/ long before/ shortly before
   5. Modify adverbs: Ex: The accident occurred incredibly
   6. Modify the whole sentence

–  general         ><        generally

– basic             ><        basically

– particular       ><     particularly

– possible         ><        possibly

– probable        ><        probably

– usual             ><        usually

– original          ><        originally                                       –  innate           ><         innately                  Ex:             Generally, I like my class

 

 

3. Note
   1. fast (adj) à fast (adv)
   2. long (adj) à long (adv)
   3. hard (adj) à hard >< hardly
   4. high (adj) à high >< highly (figurative meaning)
   5. early (adj) à early (adv)
   6. good (adj) à well (adv)

VERB	NOUN	ADJECTIVE	VERB	NOUN	ADJECTIVE
Differ	Difference	Different	Restrict	Restriction	Restrictive
Invent	Invention	Inventive	Cultivate	Culture	Cultural
Compete	Competition	Competitive		Agriculture	Agricultural
Fertilize	Fertilizer/fertility	Fertile	Empower	Power	Powerful
Decide	Decision	Decisive		Importance	Important
Prohibit	Prohibition	Prohibitive		Significance	Significant
Prevent	Prevention	Preventive	Analyze	Analysis	Analytical
Beautify	Beauty	Beautiful	Familiarize	Familiarity	Familiar
Originate	Origin	Original	Popularize	Popularity	Popular
Emphasize	Emphasis	Emphatic	Classify	Classification	Classifiable
Glorify	Glory	Glorious	Categorize	category	Categorical
Mystify	Mystery	Mysterious	Absent	Absence	Absent
Socialize	Society	Social	Interest	Interest	Interesting
Generalize	Generalization	General	Bore	Boredom	Boring
Simplify	Simplicity	Simple	Fascinate	Fascination	Fascinating
Free	Freedom	Free	Produce	Production	Productive
Construct	Construction	Constructive	Necessitate	Necessity	Necessary
Live	Life	Live/living	Collect	Collection	Collective

 

FIELD	PERSON	FIELD	PERSON	FIELD	PERSON
Music	Musician	Surgery	Surgeon	Dentistry	Dentist
Poetry	Poet	Architecture	Architect	Engineering	Engineer
Administration	Administrator	Farming	Farmer	Finance	Financier
Photography	Photographer	Biology	Biologist	Physics	Physicist
Athletics	Athlete	Theory	Theorist	Science	Scientist
Philosophy	Philosopher	Chemistry	Chemist	Invention	Inventor
Creation	Creator	Politics	Politician	Crime/criminology	Criminal
Law	Lawyer	Humor	Humorist	Mathematics	mathematician
History	Historian	Biography	Biographer	Manufacture	Manufacturer
Editing	Editor	Writing	Writer	Acting	Actor/actress
Magic	Magician	Geography	Geographer	Collection	Collector
Forecast	Forecaster	Hunting	Hunter	Employment	Employee/er
Training	Trainer	Dance	Dancer	Competition	Competitor
Contest	Contestant	Beauty	Beautician	Labor	Laborer
Discovery	Discoverer	Carpentry	Carpenter

NOUN	VERB	ADJECTIVE	NOUN	VERB	ADJECTIVE
Strength	Strengthen	Strong	Heat	Heat	Hot
Hardness	Harden	Hard	Light	Lighten	Light
Softness	Soften	Soft	Brightness	Brighten	Bright/brilliant
Depth	Deepen	Deep	Thickness	Thicken	Thick
Ripeness	Ripen	Ripe	Richness	Enrich	Rich
Solidity	Solidify	Solid	Humidity	Humidify	Humid
Length	Lengthen	Long	Flatness/flat	Flatten	Flat
Shortness	Shorten	Short	Height	Heighten	High
Weight	Weigh	Weighty/weightless	Darkness/dark	Darken	Dark
Blackness	Blacken	Black	White/whiteness	Whiten	White
Fat	Fatten	Fat	Largeness	Enlarge	Large

Nouns:  hearing/sight/smell/taste/touch

Verbs:   hear/see/smell/taste/touch

WORD CHOICE

1. Wrong choice of MAKE or DO
   • MAKE an agreement/ an announcement/ an attempt/an effort/ a decision/a discovery/ an offer/a profit/ a promise/ advances in/ a comparison/ a contribution/ a distinction/ a forecast/ a law/ a point/ an investment/ a plan/ a prediction/ a sound/ noise/use of/ a choice/ a loan/an appointment
   • MAKE UP OF (= be composed of ); MAKE UP (= compose)
   • DO an assignment/the dishes/ the washing-up/the shopping/ the ironing/the cooking/a favor/homework/the laundry/ a paper//research/ a job/ one’s work/ business with/ justice to/  wrong/ a kindness/one’s duty/harm/one’s best/a service/damage/ wonder       
2. Wrong choice of like/ alike/like or as
   • Like/Unlike A, B +  Verb
   • A, like/unlike B, + Verb
   • A is like/unlike B
   • A and B are alike
   • Like + Noun                     Ex: My results were much like Paul’s
   • As + Subject +Verb Ex: I did my experiment just as Paul did
   • As + Noun (=in the role of)
   • serve as/ function as/ use sth as/ be used as/ be thought of as/ be referred to as
   • regard/consider/name/choose/elect/select/designate/appoint/declare/nominate/proclaim/announce s.o/sth (as) s.o/sth

 

 

 

3. Wrong choice of so, such, too

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4. Wrong choice of because or because of; although or in spite of /despite; when/while or during

 

5. Wrong choice of ANOTHER or OTHER

	Another	Other
Adjective	·        another + Noun (singular)	·   other + Noun (plural) ·   Determiner (the, some, any, every, one, no) + other + Noun (sing)
Pronoun	·   another (an additional one) Ex: Give me another.	·   the other/the others Ex: Of the two teachers, one is experienced, and the other is not.

Note:     each other / one another

from one …    to another

6. Other word form problems

BE CAREFUL WITH THESE PAIRS OF WORDS

• no + noun >< not … any
• no longer >< not … any longer/any more
• most + Noun

most of  the Noun

almost all of the Noun/ almost no + Noun/almost every + Noun

the most +adj/adv (superlative)

• almost + quantifier/adjective/adverb (Word Order)
• twice (adjective) >< double (verb)

Note:  be twice as… as…

• earliest >< soonest
• one /two/three…percent of >< a /the percentage of
• after >< afterward (adv = after that )
• ago >< before
• tell so that >< say that/say to so that

Note: tell a story/a lie/lies/the truth/ a secret

• hardly ever >< never
• hard/hardly
• and/but/or
• be alive >< live + Noun
• old > < of age
• near (=close to) >< nearly (=almost)
• some + Noun >< somewhat + adjective
• affect so/sth >< effect of sth on so/sth
• already (adv) >< be all ready ( adjective)
• among (3 or more) >< between ( 2)
• and (conjunction) >< also (adverb)
• beside (=next to) >< besides (= in addition)
• costume (=clothing) >< custom (traditional practice)
• farther/further (distance) >< further (= more)
• formally (=officially) >< formerly (=previously)
• hard >< hardly
• imaginary (= not real/fictional) >< imaginative (=creative)
• later >< latter
• lay laid laid      laying  +Object  (= put/place)

lie        lay       lain     lying   (= be situated/located)

lie        lied      lied      lying (= not tell the truth)

• loose (adj) >< lose (verb)
• no>< not>< none
• pass (verb) >< past (adj/noun/preposition)

Note:  pass = go/come past

• quiet (adj) >< quite (adv)
• raise + object/ be raised (passive) >< rise (without an object)
• set + object (=put/place) >< sit (without an object)
• thorough (adj) >< through (adv)
• out >< out of +Noun
• away>< away from + Noun
• out/in (preposition) >< outer/inner (adjective)
• listen to >< hear
• lone/live/sleeping + noun >< be alone/ alive/asleep

7. Redundancy

• connect together
• repeat again
• join together
• proceed forward
• advance forward
• only unique
• new innovations
• reread again
• return back
• same identical
• sufficient enough
• separated away from
• incorrect mistake
• progress forward
• important significant
• carefully cautiously
• established founded
• protect guard
• original first
• rarely seldom
• transmit send out
• single only
• around approximately
• chief main
• such as for example
• necessary needed

 

 

Inversion

1. Inversion of the verb after certain adverbs

 

Ex:      I haven’t got a ticket. – Neither/Nor have I.

Never before had I been asked to accept a bribe.

Not only do they rob you, they smash everything too

On no account must this switch be touched

Only by shouting was he able to make himself heard.

Only in an emergency should you use this exit.

Rarely did this remedy fail

So suspicious did he become that …

So confusing was the map that we had to ask a police officer for directions.

Such is the popularity of the place that the theater is likely to be full every night.

 

1. The subject and verb of the second clause ( not the first clause) are inverted when the following expressions occur at the beginning of a sentence

 

Ex:     Not until he got home   did he realize that he had lost it.

Only if you study hard can you pass the final exam.

 

1. In written English adverb phrases introduced by preposition (down, from, in, on, over, off, out of, round, up .etc.) can be followed by verbs indicating position (crouch, hang, lie sit, stand, be ), by verbs of motion.

Ex:     From the rafters hung strings of onions.

In the door way stood a man with a gun.

On a perch beside him sat a blue parrot

Over the wall came a shower of stone.

In front of the museum is a statue.

Off the coast of California lie the Channel Islands.

 

 

Ex:   Across the United States, the general movement of air masses is from west to east.

1. If + Subject + auxiliary can be replaced in formal English by inversion of auxiliary and subject with if omitted.

Ex:     If I were in his shoes …                      =          Were I in his shoes …

If you should require anything…       =          Should you require anything …

If he had known …                             =          Had he known…

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Double Comparison

Note:   the worse (not the worst), the less (not the least), the better (not the best)

Ex: The more he plays, the more he improves.

Incorrect Article Choice

• a ><                    an

            Ex:       A eclipse of the sun may be either total or partial

• a/an ><                    without a/an (uncountable noun)
• a/an ><                    the

            Ex:       Rose Bird was a first woman in the history of California to serve on the State Supreme Court

• a/an/the ><                    without a/an/the

Ex:       Slag consists of waste material and impurities which rise to top of melted metals.

The most asteroids are beyond the orbit of the planet Mars.

• the ><                    possessive adjectives

Ex:       The Ozark Mountains of Arkansas are known for the rugged beauty

Note:

 

 

 

 

Common clause markers:

1. Time: after , as, as long as, as soon as, before, by the time, now that, once, since, until, when, while, whenever
2. Concessions/Contrast: although, even though, though, even if, whereas, while, despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that, except that/however
3. Reason: as, because, since, in that, in case
4. Results: so that, so … that, such… that
5. Manner: as if, as though
6. Place: wherever
7. Conditions: if, even if, only if, provided, unless

Conjunctions:        –     and, but, yet, for, so, or

Conjunctive advs –     besides, likewise, moreover, in addition, additionally

• however, nevertheless, on the other hand, in contrast, in spite of this
• therefore, as a result, accordingly, consequently
• otherwise
• then, meanwhile
• similarly, correspondingly, likewise
• for example, for instance

                                         ARTICLES

A/AN

1. Before singular countable nouns

Ex: Australia is a continent

2. To introduce a subject that has not mentioned before

Ex: I saw a tiger.

3. With certain expressions

 

a dozen

a couple

a/one hundred/thousand/million

a great many

a great deal

a lot of

a/one half

a/one third

a/one quarter

fifty miles an/per hour                                 ten kilometers an/per hour

$10 a/per day

4. With names of professions

Ex: He is an engineer.                    She is a doctor.

 

THE

1. Only one example of the thing/person or the identity of the person or thing is clear

Ex:      The moon is full today.

Please open the door.

2. 2. With certain expressions

the morning/afternoon/evening

the past/present/future

the front/back/center/top/bottom

the beginning/middle/end

the north/south/east/west

3. 3. Before a singular noun representative of a class of things ( usually names of animals, plants, inventions, musical instruments, and parts of the body)

Ex:      The tiger is the largest cat

The heart pumps blood

The Wright brothers invented the airplane.

She plays the guitar.

4. 4. Before ordinal number (Note: No article is used before expressions with cardinal numbers.)

            Ex:      The First  World War (But:  World War One)

The second chapter (But:  Chapter Two)

The third gate           (But:  Gate Three)

The seventh volume (But: Volume Seven)

5. 5. Before decades and centuries

Ex:      the 1930s                              the fifties                   the sixties

the twenty-first century       the 1800s                  the twentieth century

6. Before superlative adjectives

Ex:      The biggest island on earth is Greenland.

7. Quantifier + of + the + noun

Many/ some/all/much/most/a few/all/… of the + Noun

Note: These expressions can also be used without the phrase of the

Ex:      Many books                                      not much paper

Some water                                       a few pictures

8. Before a group of people or a nationality

Ex:      The Vietnamese are very hardworking

The Swedish are proud of their ancestors, the Vikings.

Note: No article is used before the name of a language

Ex:      She learned to speak Vietnamese when she lived in Hanoi.

9. The + adjective (= people who are…)

Ex:      The rich should help the poor.

10. Before a specific noun

Ex:      The coffee I had this morning was Brazilian (specific)

Coffee originated in Ethiopia. (general)

The rice that I bought today is in the bag. (specific)

Rice is a staple in many countries.(general)

The trees in this park are mostly evergreens. (specific)

Trees provide shade. (general)

 

 

 

11. The + subject + of NP

       Subject (used alone)  –> no article

       Adjective + Subject     –> no article

Ex:      The literature of the twentieth century

The history of The United States.

But:     I major in literature

                        I study American history.

12. 12. Before names of countries, states, cities, universities, colleges, and schools that contain the word “of” or before countries that have a plural name or an adjective in the name, except for Great Britain

            Ex:      The United States of America

The Socialist Republic of Vietnam (but: Vietnam)

The State of Florida            (But: Florida)

The city of Boston ( But:  Boston)

The University of Texas ( But:  Boston University)

The Netherlands/ The Philippines

13. 13. Before
14. oceans: Ex:      The pacific Ocean
15. seas Ex: The Black Sea
16. gulfs Ex: The Gulf of Mexico
17. rivers Ex: The Nile
18. plural names of mountains Ex: The Appalachian Mountains (But: Mount Everest)
19. plural names of islands Ex: The Hawaiian Islands (But: Manhattan Island)
20. plural names of lakes Ex: The Great Lakes (But: Lake Michigan)
21. 14. Before the names of ships, planes, trains and people’s family names

Ex:      The Titanic

The Orient Express

The Browns

 

 

GERUND AND INFINITIVE

1. VERB + TO INF

afford              beg                  expect             manage           pretend            threaten agree               care                 fail                   mean               promise           want appear             consent           forget               need                refuse              wish arrange            decide             hesitate            offer                seem               try ask                  desire              hope                plan                 struggle           intend attempt            deserve           learn                prepare            swear

Ex:      Tom wants to become a doctor.

Susan pretended to sleep.

David promised not to be late again.

1. VERB + OBJECT + TO INFINITIVE

advise             challenge                     forbid               order                teach               invite allow               convince                     force                permit             tell                    recommend ask                  dare                             hire                  persuade         urge                 enable beg                  encourage                  instruct                        remind             want                lead cause              expect                         invite                require             warn                motivate use

Ex:  They begged us to come.

        I warn you not to drive so fast.

     Note:   advise/allow/encourage/permit/recommend (1) + object + to inf

                                                                                               (2) + V-ing

Ex:   He doesn’t allow smoking in his house

He doesn’t allow anyone to smoke in his house

Nobody is allowed to smoke in his house

III. VERB + V-ING

admit                           delay               finish                postpone         resent              miss appreciate                   deny                can’t help         practice           resist                tolerate avoid                           discuss            keep                quit                  risk                  involve complete                     dislike              mention           recall               stop                 understand consider                      enjoy               mind                recollect          suggest            include

 

 

 

 

Ex:     I dislike driving long distances

I can’t help worrying about it.

Would you mind not smoking in this class?

1. VERB + V-ING/ TO INFINITIVE

	begin               continue                      hate                 prefer start                 can’t stand                   love                 like

Ex: It began to rain/ raining

Note:  would like/love/prefer + to infinitive

Ex: I would like to play tennis today.

1. ADJECTIVE / PARTICIPLE+ TO INFINITIVE

anxious                        difficult                                    willing                          boring eager                           hard                             able                             interesting usual                            dangerous                   pleased                                    … easy                            ready                           prepared

Ex:   Tom is anxious to see his family.

It is very dangerous to drive in this weather.

We are ready to leave now.

      

          Note: be busy/worth + V-ing.

Ex:   He is busy doing his homework.

The book is worth reading.

1. PREPOSITION + V-ING
   1. VERB + PREPOSITION + V-ING

	approve of       succeed in       think of                                    look forward to         dedicate to give up                        count on          depend on                   object to                     commit to rely on             keep on           put off                          confess to insist on           think about      dream about                devote to

 

Ex:   John gave up smoking three years ago.

I am looking forward to going back to school.

2. ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION + V-ING

	afraid of                       capable of                   tired of be/get accustomed to interested in                 successful in               fond of be/get used to

Ex:   She is afraid of getting married now.

To gets used to getting up early.

• SPECIAL CASES
  1. STOP

He stopped smoking (He gave up smoking; he is not going to smoke any more.)

He stopped to smoke (He stopped doing something in order to smoke)

2. TRY

                       TRY + TO INF: make an effort to do something

Ex:  I was very tire. I tried to keep my eyes open, but I couldn’t.

TRY + V-ING: do something as an experiment or test

 Ex:   I’ve got a terrible headache. I tried taking an aspirin, but it did not help.

3. REMEMBER

REMEMBER + TO INF: You remember to do something before you do it

Ex:   Please remember to post the letter. (= Don’t forget to post the letter)

REMEMBER + V-ING: You remember doing something after you do it

Ex:   I clearly remember locking the door before I left.

4. NEED

NEED + TO INF (ACTIVE)

Ex:   John needs to paint the door.

My friend needed to learn Spanish

NEED + V-ING = NEED + TO BE DONE (PASSIVE)

Ex:  The grass needs cutting/ to be cut.

The television needs fixing/to be fixed.

5. MAKE/LET/HAVE + OBJECT + BARE INFINITIVE

Ex:   Sad movies always make me cry.

I had the mechanic repair my car. (I had my car repaired by the mechanic

My parents do not let me go out late at night.

6. VERBS OF PERCEPTION + V-ING/ BARE INFINITIVE

see                              look at                         listen to notice                          observe                       smell watch                          hear                             feel

    

 

 

 

 

      Ex:   I saw my friend running/run down the street.

                                                                                                     

7. GO + V-ING

	boating            dancing           jogging             shopping          swimming GO      bowling            fishing              climbing           sightseeing camping          hiking               running            skating canoeing         hunting            sailing              skiing

 

 

 

 

 

 

      Ex:   My sister went sailing yesterday

8. TO INFINITIVE can be used after the first, the second…, the last, the only and sometimes after superlatives.

Ex:   She loves parties. She is always the first to come and the last to leave.

He is the second man to be killed in this way.

9. TO INFINITIVE can be used after certain nouns

	ability              demand                       failure             request ambition          desire                          offer                scheme anxiety                        determination            plan                 willingness attempt           eagerness                   promise           wish decision         effort                           refusal             readiness

 

 

 

 

 

 

                        Ex:   His ability to get on with people is his chief asset.

 Ex:   He made an effort to stand up.

	catch/find/leave         +          Object             +          V-ing spend/ waste             +          Time                +          V-ing have fun/ a good time                                   +          V-ing have trouble/difficulty                                  +          V-ing have a hard time/ difficult time                    +          V-ing

 

 

WORD ENDINGS

1. COMMON NOUN (THING) ENDINGS
   1. –ism : baptism, criticism, organism, heroism, patriotism, alcoholism,

  barbarism, dwarfism, parallelism

2. –nce : importance, significance, dependence, arrogance, resistance,

   subsistence

3. –ness : bitterness, conceitedness, darkness, hardness, kindheartedness
4. –ion : excision, damnation, pollution, suggestion, a notion, an action,

vexation, concoction, completion.

5. –ment : abridgement, accomplishment, banishment, commencement,

 embodiment, enhancement, excitement, fragment, garment, ornament, treatment

6. –(i)ty : purity, authority, dubiety, majority, superiority, humidity, cruelty,

faculty, honesty, plenty, safety, subtlety

7. –age : baggage, carriage, cartage, damage, dotage, hermitage, homage

language, luggage, marriage, passage, tillage, tonnage, vicarage,

                                                  village.

8. –ship : ambassadorship, citizenship, headship, professorship, chairmanship,

fellowship, scholarship, companionship, friendship, hardship,

relationship, craftsmanship, entrepreneurship, horsemanship,

  membership, courtship

9. –th : bath, birth, death, oath, growth, stealth, filth, health, length, strength,

  truth, depth, breadth, wealth.

10. –dom : earldom, freedom, kingdom, officialdom, wisdom
11. –hood    : childhood, falsehood, sisterhood, brotherhood, neighborhood,

  likelihood, livelihood

12. –ure : closure, picture, scripture, legislature, nature, failure, pleasure,

  treasure

13. –cy : bankruptcy, captaincy, democracy, privacy, delicacy, advocacy,

  confederacy, accuracy, obstinacy, piracy, , aristocracy, expectancy,

  efficiency, presidency, sufficiency, deficiency

14. –(t)ry :  rivalry, ancestry, carpentry, industry, greenery, machinery, scenery,

  bakery, brewery, bravery, slavery, archery

15. –logy :  archaeology, geology, sociology, theology, zoology
16. –graphy : bibliography, biography

1. COMMON NOUN (PERSON) ENDINGS
   1. – or : actor, creator, doctor, monitor, sculptor, successor, guarantor,

  conqueror, donor, governor, solicitor, tailor, visitor. bachelor

2. – er : hatter, geographer, astrologer, cottager, foreigner, Londoner,

  New Yorker, northerner, villager, airliner, old-timer, sorcerer

3. – ee : employee, payee, devotee, escapee, conferee, absentee, refugee.
4. – ist : chemist, dramatist, economist, geologist; dentist, pianist, tobacconist;

  Buddhist, Darwinist, idealist, Marxist, racist, optimist, pessimist

5. – ician : magician, physician, musician, electrician, beautician,

  politician, statistician, mathematician, mortician,

6. – ant (10%) : assistant, accountant, consultant, contestant, inhabitant

 

1. ADJECTIVE ENDINGS
   1. – ent : independent, sufficient, absent, ambivalent, ancient, apparent,

  ardent  

2. – ant : arrogant, expectant, important, significant , abundant, ignorant,

  brilliant, 

3. – ful : beautiful, graceful, powerful, grateful, forgetful, mournful,

Exceptions:   handful, mouthful, spoonful  are nouns

4. – ic : civic, classic, historic, artistic, economic,
5. – less : doubtless, fearless, hatless, powerless, countless, tireless, faceless,

  legless, careless, helpless

6. – ive : authoritative, demonstrative, figurative, imitative, qualitative,

  talkative, active, passive, comparative, possessive

7. – ous : dangerous, glorious, murderous, viscous, ferocious, hilarious,    
8. – able : charitable, separable, bearable, reliable, comfortable, suitable.
9. – ible : audible, compressible, edible, horrible, terrible
10. – al         : central, general, oral, colossal, tropical, tidal

Exceptions : rival, arrival, proposal, withdrawal, survival are nouns

11. – ory       : mandatory, compulsory, predatory, satisfactory

Exceptions : dormitory, promontory, territory are nouns

12. – ary       : arbitrary, budgetary, contrary, primary, temporary, necessary
13. – y           :  angry, happy, icy, messy, milky, tidy, chilly, haughty, slippery,
14. – ly :  beastly, cowardly, queenly, rascally
15. – (r)ate (10%): temperate, accurate, considerate, immediate, literate
16. – ish       : boorish, boyish, foolish, womanish, bookish, feverish, bluish, reddish

 

1. COMMON VERB ENDINGS
   1. – en/ en – : listen, happen, strengthen, lengthen, shorten, soften, ripen, deepen,

  widen, entrust, enslave, enlighten, entangle, enlarge, encourage,     

  enable, enrich    

2. – ate : assassinate, associate, fascinate, felicitate, hydrate, separate,

  vaccinate, evacuate

3. – ize : characterize, idolize, agonize, apologize, sympathize, theorize,

  authorize, extemporize, fertilize, fossilize, jeopardize, moralize,

   Americanize, carbonize, oxidize

4. – ify : pacify, satisfy, petrify, solidify, horrify

 

1. COMMON ADVERB ENDING
   1. – ly : amusingly, deservedly, firstly, fully, greatly, happily, hourly, truly,

  firstly, secondly

2. – wise : crosswise, lengthwise, otherwise, clockwise
3. – ways : edgeways, endways, lengthways, sideways
4. – ward : backward, homeward, inward, onward, skyward, eastward

 

 

 

 

SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT

1. BASIC SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT
2. Singular Subject + Singular Verb
3. Plural Subject + Plural Verb

Ex:       My friend lives in Boston.

Growing flowers is her hobby.

My friends live in Boston.

1. SPECIAL CASES

Sing Subject 1 and Sing Subject 2 + Plural Verb

Ex:     The actor and the singer are coming.

Jean and David are coming back to Australia.

Note: However, phrases connected by and can be followed by singular verbs if we think of them as making up a single item.

Ex:      Meat pie and peas  is Tom’s favorite at the moment

Fish and chips  is my favorite food

	of in addition to with Subject 1 +     together with  + Subject 2    + Verb along with as well as no less than like/ unlike

2.

 

 

 

 

Ex:      One of my friends is here.

You together with Tom are responsible for this failure.

Ex:      Neither John nor his friends are going to the beach

	There   +   be   +          Noun

 

Ex:      There is a book on the shelf

There are three books on the shelf

There/ Here     + Verb             +          Noun

Ex:       Here comes the Queen.

Here lie many unknown soldiers.

Every                          Noun (singular) Each          +                                                 +  Singular Verb Either                           of  the Noun (plural) Neither

Ex:      Each boy/ each of the boys has a gift.

Note: Each boy and each girl is to do this exercise.

	Everyone        Something       Nobody Everybody      Anyone            Nothing Everything       Anybody                           +     Singular Verb            Someone        Anything Somebody      No one

 

Ex:  Everyone has his or her own idea.

 

Ex:      A number of refugees have been turned back at the border.

Plenty of potatoes are grown here.

None of the answers are correct.

	The number of   +     Plural Noun     + Singular Verb

Ex:      The number of books in the library has risen to over five million.

	Any of None of The majority of A lot of                       + Uncountable Noun   +    Singular Verb     Plenty of All (of) Some (of)

 

 

 

 

Ex:      All the furniture was destroyed in the fire.

9.

Ex:       The team is winning. (the team as a group)

The team are going back to their homes. (meaning individual members of the team)

belongings                   riches              glasses clothes                         savings            pliers congratulations            stairs                pants earnings                      surroundings               +  Plural Verb goods                          thanks outskirts                       scissors particulars                   shorts premises                     jeans

Ex:       The pants are in the drawer.

(A pair of pants is in the drawer)

	police people             +          Plural Verb cattle poultry

 

          Ex:       The police are looking for the missing child.

	news                measles           rabies physics            statistics          diabetes politics             mathematics   gymnastics      +          Singular Verb mumps            physics            athletics economics      phonetics         linguistics

 

 

         

Ex:       Physics is difficult.

The news is alarming.

13. The titles of books, plays, movies, etc., always take a singular verb

Ex:      The Los Angeles Times is on the desk.

Gulliver’s Travels is a well-known children’s book.

14. Nouns stating an amount of time, money or measurement always take a singular verb

Ex:      Five minutes is not enough to do this exercise.

            Thirty-five dollars is too much for this shirt.

Four -hundred miles is too much to drive in one day.

	The +    Adjective      +          Plural Verb

Ex:      The poor need help.

 

 

Uncountable Noun            +         Singular Verb baggage          clothing            equipment       food                 fruit                  furniture garbage           hardware         jewelry             junk                 luggage           machinery mail                 makeup           money             cash                change            postage water               coffee              tea                   milk                 oil                     soup gasoline           blood ice                   bread               butter               cheese                        meat                gold iron                  silver                glass                paper               wood               wool steam              air                    oxygen                        nitrogen           smoke             pollution rice                  chalk               corn                 dust                 grass               hair pepper             dirt                   salt                   sand                flour                 wheat beauty             confidence      courage           education        enjoyment       fun happiness        health              help                 honesty           hospitality        importance intelligence      justice              knowledge       laughter           music              luck patience          peace              pride                progress          recreation        sleep truth                 violence           wealth  … advice             information      news                evidence         proof                time space              energy             homework       work                grammar         slang vocabulary driving             swimming        traveling          working baseball           soccer             tennis               chess weather           dew                 fog                   hail                   heat                 humidity lightning           rain                  sleet                 snow                thunder            wind darkness         light                  sunshine          electricity         fire                   gravity

Fluids

Solids

Gases

 

Particles

Abstraction

 

 

Activities

 

Natural

phenomena

Ex:      Smoking is harmful to your health.